DeFi stands for decentralised finance token. They are very complex but essentially aim to disrupt the finance world to enable people to follow and lend in peer-to-peer networks, without needing a bank.
Bitcoin’s coherence values appear noticeably less affected by bubble and non-bubble regimes, especially over short and medium terms (2–4, 4–8, 8–16 and 16–32). The non-bubble coherence values are similar to those of the other cryptocurrencies, but the bubble regime values do not reach a similar magnitude to the other cryptocurrencies.

Although this test successfully detects single isolated bubbles, Phillips, Shi, and Yu [24] acknowledge it may suffer from reduced discriminatory power when applied to time series with multiple occurrences of bubbles. To overcome this weakness, a further enhancement was proposed, as a new method, called a generalized supremum ADF (GSADF) test. This test allows both the start and end points of data subsets to vary, which in turn enables the identification of multiple bubble regimes in one observed time series. The GSADF test is defined by
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