Further to the above, better results were found [24] compared to SADF when using a backward expanding window, which they introduced as backward SADF (BSADF). This performs the same supremum ADF test, but this time with a fixed ending point, r2, and backwards expanding window:
Identifying the determinants of asset prices is one of the most important questions in finance. Traditional asset pricing theories are founded on the idea that equity prices should be determined by fundamentals such as earnings (Gordon 1959, Campbell and Shiller 1988). In contrast, the behavioral finance literature posits that prices do not always follow fundamentals due to investor sentiment trading (Shiller 1981, Baker and Wurgler 2006, Stambaugh et al. 2012). Eventually however, equity prices seem to trace their fundamentals (Pa´stor and Veronesi, 2003, 2006, Bartram and Grinblatt 2018).

Blockchain technology can be conceived as a form of next-generation business process optimization software from a business standpoint. Collaborative technology, such as blockchain, promises to improve business procedures between firms, cutting the “cost of trust” dramatically. As a result, it may provide much better returns per dollar invested than most traditional internal investments.
Pips are the units used to measure movement in the price of a cryptocurrency, and refer to a one-digit movement in the price at a specific level. Generally, valuable cryptocurrencies are traded at the ‘dollar´ level, so a move from a price of $190.00 to $191.00, for example, would mean that the cryptocurrency has moved a single pip. However, some lower-value cryptocurrencies are traded at different scales, where a pip can be a cent or even a fraction of a cent.