In order to provide a methodology to detect bubbles in time series, Phillips, Wu, and Yu [23] proposed the supremum augmented Dickey-Fuller (SADF) test. This applies a series of right-tailed unit root tests to expanding windows of a time series (with a fixed start date), defined by where r2 is the final data point to be considered in each window, starting at r0 which is a fraction representing the smallest allowed window size and expanding to 1(the complete data set).
Although this test successfully detects single isolated bubbles, Phillips, Shi, and Yu [24] acknowledge it may suffer from reduced discriminatory power when applied to time series with multiple occurrences of bubbles. To overcome this weakness, a further enhancement was proposed, as a new method, called a generalized supremum ADF (GSADF) test. This test allows both the start and end points of data subsets to vary, which in turn enables the identification of multiple bubble regimes in one observed time series. The GSADF test is defined by

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The Lion Electric Company (NYSE: LEV) (TSX: LEV) ("Lion" or the "Company"), a leading manufacturer of all-electric medium and heavy-duty urban vehicles, today announced its financial and operating results for the third quarter of fiscal year 2021, which ended on September 30, 2021. Lion reports its results in U.S. dollars and in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS").